Can I be a tax resident in a country if I don't pay any taxes in that country?

Yes, that is possible. The concept of tax residency entails that the country which considers you a tax resident designates you as subject to its domestic tax laws. Domestic tax law and/or tax treaties concluded by this country can subsequently exempt the subject (you) or the object (your income) from taxation. As a result, you effectively do not pay tax in that country while you are still considered to be a tax resident in that country.